Acknowledgements (in surname alphabetical order): Many thanks to Isaac Dunn and Aaron Gertler for providing feedback on this post.

Also, this was written in November and so any thoughts on future directions for UChicago EA may no longer be relevant, as I will not be organizing after May.

On Nov 12, 2021, UChicago EA ran our first-ever personal finance workshop. This was an introductory workshop, assuming almost zero prior knowledge (except about the existence of the stock market, stocks, etc.). We primarily covered investing, with brief mentions of budgeting and selecting the right bank and tax-advantaged accounts. This was deliberate given that the core audience was UChicago undergraduates, who most likely do not have tax-advantaged accounts but can make immediate changes to their budgeting, personal banking, and investing behavior.

The workshop consisted of a casual ~45 minute presentation with audience questions throughout. You can access our slides here and an audio recording, including an auto-generated transcript, here (starting from slide 7).

There were nine attendees, six of whom are currently participating in our Introductory Fellowship. Every attendee filled out the feedback form. The form was, by default, anonymous although attendees could choose to leave their email to be contacted.

Rationale

Meta-EA

Note: I  attended an EA retreat in January that has shifted some of my views on university community building (specifically, more towards disproportionately spending effort on a select group of students and very deliberately creating programming optimized for their needs). I am fairly—though not completely—confident that the following rationale holds despite my recent update.

Universally recommendable: Personal finance provides a way for everyone, regardless of career or socioeconomic status, to optimize the altruistic potential of their dollars. This improves the accessibility of the EA approach to finance: you don’t have to take a lucrative job to maximize the impact of your money. Aside from income, the other primary way to gain wealth is investment, and leaving it untapped runs counter to optimizing the altruistic potential of one’s wealth.

Trialling a different kind of structured engagement → Provide valuable information; possibly find a more effective way of increasing retention: As a university community-builder, I aim to find the best ways to create a campus community that aspiring EAs want to continually engage with. I think these ‘non-EA-but-framed-in-an-EA-way’ skill workshops help fill a desire from students who lack a sense of agency re: making an impact (e.g., because they have yet to start working) while demonstrating what living according to EA principles might look like.

Drawing from my own experiences with close-knit campus communities, I suspect that discussing ‘life skills’ is a common way of increasing support within and connection to a group. Yet, these kinds of events don’t seem very common amongst EA university groups (or at least, not that I’ve heard of). I am also drawing from interesting friend groups I know, which hold regular presentations/discussion on topics and essentially function as a casual, fun learning community. I think that kind of environment might be conducive for EA university groups and that regular skills workshops could be more successful than the previously-tried model of weekly knowledge-sharing presentations (usually on a cause area).^[1]

Broadly, I feel somewhat confident (60%) that this more holistic programming is a cost-effective way to increase the connection that students feel with their university groups. This workshop represents one way in which I tried to test that hunch.

Note: I am not confident that workshops are the optimal form of ‘life skills’ programming, as opposed to general low-effort, high-return life advice.

Framing your EA group as one that cares about members besides their impact: Running life-skills workshops that are not solely centered around members’ direct impact suggests that the group is interested in holistically supporting its members, rather than only being focused on their ability to do good.

It is possible that this may not be a good thing - perhaps EA would be more effective if it were only associated with social impact and its members encouraged to seek out support with other aspects elsewhere. I have stated two cases (weak and strong) for framing EA more holistically below.

The weak version is focused on a specific group: perhaps providing more holistic programming helps give your university group an edge. For example, if your group emphasizes social events as a crucial means of retention and other social groups provide this kind of holistic programming, then you may also want to incorporate such programming. Note that this could also go the other way - perhaps your group only wants to be seen as a resource for directly discussing how best to do good.

The strong version is focused on EA: perhaps EA, overall, could increase its impact if it provided more holistic support. This belief underlies, for example, the EA Infrastructure Fund’s grants to Ewelina Tur and Sebastian Schmidt. Quoting Michael Aird, who evaluated those two grants:

“... both grants are intended to improve the grantees’ ability to help promising, EA-aligned people to have more impact over their careers.” So, providing holistic programming could indirectly improve members’ effectiveness.

A related but subtler point relates to perceptions of EA. If members care about joining groups that appear to care about them outside of direct EA engagement, to the extent that the presence of more holistic programming significantly affects recruitment or retention, then providing such programming may be a net benefit regardless of its instrumental value to members’ impact.

Regardless, I think the meta-EA case does not hinge on whether you believe EA should be more or less holistic.

Direct Impact

Increasing donation potential: Our rationale stems from the ability for smarter investing to indirectly have a multiplier effect on one’s donation ability, by directly having a multiplier effect on one’s wealth. However, the impact of this workshop is not equal to the difference in wealth—rather, this workshop’s impact stems from getting people to change from saving to investing and (more realistically) shifting up the age at which someone would begin investing [smartly].

For example, one participant had been investing an average of $1500 a year. We estimated that, if they applied the investing principles from our workshop, we would have ~doubled (2.18x) their holdings. (Assumptions below)

Increasing long-term sustainability: Financial security is also a key part of general life satisfaction and potentially for sustaining altruistic efforts (e.g., maintaining a level of self-care). 

Results

All data was collected via a feedback form that participants filled out at the end of the workshop, and hence is self-reported.

Numerical rating (1-5)

Knowledge of personal finance increased by ~1.

Note: I had too much fun making this form and used silly labels for these two questions (on personal finance knowledge).^[2] So, this isn’t really useful data but I am including it as a directional indicator.

Knowledge of personal finance increased from a mean of 2.3 to 3.7. There was also less variation in these answers: initially, there was a range of 3 which dropped to 2.

All participants were likely to implement the skills they learned.

This question labeled 1 as “Definitely will not” and 5 as “Definitely will.”

• When asked how likely they would create a personal budget following this workshop, 55.6% (5) of respondents indicated a “4” and 44.4% (4) indicated a “5 - Definitely will”
• When asked the same question about investing, the number of “definitely will” responses increased to 66.7% (6).

Qualitative Data

Most (77.8%) respondents indicated that this workshop changed their financial plans, particularly for investing.

• 77.8% (7) of respondents indicated they would change their investing plans. This ranged from starting to make investments to changing their current investing strategy.
• 22.2% (2) respondents indicated they would make changes to their use of tax-advantaged accounts, and two more indicated they would consider those accounts more carefully.
• 11.1% (1) of respondents planned to switch banks.
• 11.1% (1) of respondents planned to create a budget.

Given the workshop’s focus on investing, it seems promising that most of these responses were about investing. 

Optional Questions

We also asked a few optional questions.

• Two questions asked about the amount that they were already donating/investing a year (if applicable). This is used to estimate this workshop’s expected impact below.
• Respondents wanted to learn about investing.
  • When asked what they were looking to get out of this workshop, 71.4% (5) of respondents mentioned investing. 28.6% (2) of respondents said they were looking to learn about personal finance.
    • This somewhat surprised me since we marketed the workshop broadly as a ‘Personal Finance Workshop.’
    • However, the specific details we provided all pointed at investing: for example, the rationale being that investing can have a multiplier effect on one’s ability to donate, and mentioning a demonstration of creating a brokerage account.
    • As with all optional programming, there is self-selection bias. This potentially suggests that our participants were especially motivated to implement investing strategies.
• All respondents thought the workshop met their expectations
  • When asked how well the workshop satisfied their aforementioned goals on a scale from “1 - Not at all” to “5 - Completely,” 37.5% (3) of respondents chose a “4” and 62.5% (5) of respondents chose a “5 - Completely.”
• Most respondents would be interested in attending a similar workshop, focused on practical implications of EA. No participants indicated they were less interested in these types of events after attending.
  • 12.5% (1) of respondents indicated a “3” on a scale of “1 - Definitely would not” to “5 - Definitely would”
  • 25% (2) of respondents indicated a “4”
  • 62.5% (5) of respondents indicated a “5 - Definitely would”

One respondent expressed interest in a day-trading workshop. We are not confident this would be a net positive and have no plans to hold this, though I wonder if this suggests that our participants may be skewed towards a higher risk profile.

Expected Impact

Epistemic status: Extremely low; this section is primarily speculative. 

Meta-EA

It is plausible that most of the impact of this workshop stems from its meta-EA impact. This is likelier if you assume that community building at target universities is, right now, a highly impactful thing to do. This assumption may be motivated by the community’s funding overhang and recent investments in community building. These suggest that

1. there may be relatively more need for the ‘right’ kind of people (possibly highly-engaged effective altruists, or HEAs)
2. that CEA has identified community building as worth investing in (a proxy for marginal impact).

Thus, the direct impact of this personal finance workshop may be relatively less important than the meta-EA impact of helping create more HEAs (by increasing members’ engagement). 

Unfortunately, I don’t have a great sense for the meta-EA impact of this workshop.

Drawing from our qualitative responses, it seemed that the participants enjoyed the workshop: everyone said that the workshop satisfied their expectations and 87.5% (7) respondents reported increased interest in these types of events. Furthermore, in the freeform comments and outside of this specific survey, several participants have mentioned that this was one of their favorite events of ours.^[3] However, we did not ask about more relevant metrics of engagement, such as their feelings of belonging to the community or perception of UChicago EA. 

As far as I can tell, the workshop didn’t affect the participants’ engagement with UChicago EA (e.g., event attendance), so it seems like this workshop was probably no better or worse than our regular socials for predicting or increasing EA engagement. The Introductory Fellowship is clearly a superior option, though that was a very strong prior for me (i.e., I never intended for this workshop to replace a fellowship). Furthermore, I don’t think comparing workshops to either socials or fellowships is the most appropriate: I believe that workshops should be additional to those two types of programming and should not take priority over them. Thus, the more appropriate comparison might be workshops to [a one-day conference / whatever EA Cambridge calls them] or a reading group. This is a difficult comparison for us to draw since we have yet to run much programming besides fellowships or socials, though our previous efforts at book clubs and weekly discussions/presentations generated very low engagement, so I am tentatively optimistic that workshops may be more effective for UChicago EA than weekly book or presentation discussions.^[4]

Even if these workshops do not appear better than our socials, I am still keen to continue trialling them to test whether they truly are a worse/better option for creating HEAs. I am confident that the value of this workshop primarily manifests as an experiment with community-building strategy, and am curious to see which kinds of workshops may be better for increasing engagement. Intuitively, I think the type of workshop that would be most likely to increase engagement may be, say, a self-care workshop that generates more prosocial feelings than this finance-oriented workshop. 

Direct

Since the impact from this workshop stems primarily from getting people to invest, and not getting them to invest better, I have focused only on the participants that had not previously been investing. 

I took two approaches for estimating the potential impact of this workshop, both based on counterfactuals. Firstly, I estimated the difference in donation ability under two scenarios: optimistic (where a participant switches to investing solely because of this workshop) and pessimistic (where a participant invests earlier because of this workshop). Secondly, I used data provided by respondents about their actual donating/investing habits to try and estimate our impact more granularly.

I had two optional questions about how much participants were already donating/investing a year. Responding to one did not mean you had to respond to another. I received four valid (i.e., non-zero) responses each for donating and for investing, but one respondent skipped the donation question. Thus, I assumed that they were not donating regularly and gave them an annual donation of $0 in our calculations.

Assumptions

• Annual interest rate = 1%^[5]
• Rate of return for our strategy = 10%
  • In the presentation, I used a less conservative rate of 11%
  • Both assumptions are based on the average annual return for the S&P 500, since our recommended strategy is similar to just following the S&P 500.
• Annual contribution = $0
  • This is highly conservative, as one should increase their investments as their wealth increases.
• Years invested = 40 (until retirement age)

General estimates

The rare best-case: The difference in return between holding $20,000 in a savings account (1% rate of return) and investing it (10% rate of return) is, over 40 years, $875,407.84.^[6] Considering EA’s current funding situation, this might not be impressive. For an individual who is not earning-to-give, however, this may significantly augment their personal impact potential. However, this scenario represents the rare best-case for our workshop’s impact: this scenario assumes that our participants would never have implemented a similar investing strategy in the future, and so our workshop is fully responsible for causing this increase in their wealth. We do not anticipate this to be the case for the majority of our participants.

The more realistic case: For somebody who would have invested using a similar strategy, only later in time, the exact impact depends on the counterfactual delay. According to a 2014 Gallup poll, roughly half of Americans started investing in their twenties. Assuming that we sped it up ~3 years (i.e., participants would have used similar investing practices when exiting college, around the age of 22), then we would only have increased their holdings by 34%. This is approximately equal to increasing the rate of return by 1 percentage point, from 10 to 11%.

Specific estimates

There is only one respondent who said that they had not already been investing. Assuming that after this workshop they choose to invest the equivalent of their annual donations, then in 40 years…

Respondent 5^[7]

Donating prior: $1000, Investing prior: $0

→ Holdings without our workshop: $0

→ Holdings with our workshop: $45,259.26^[8]

This is infinitely greater than their original investment, of course, but that’s not really useful. More importantly, this respondent already has a history of donating and so may be likelier to use their new wealth for altruistic purposes.

Two other respondents indicated that they were not already investing or donating, which is why they were not included here. In the best-case scenario (i.e., they invest according to our recommendations), they would strengthen our expected impact because the largest counterfactual impact stems from participants who were not investing pre-workshop and started investing post-workshop. Naively, we could estimate the impact of getting these two respondents to start investing as being similar to the impact of the rare best-case. Conservatively, I am assuming that the three non-respondents were already investing but suboptimally.

Finally, the benefit I am most confident in is the potential to increase the wealth of our members. However, this relates to both meta-EA and direct impact: increased wealth can increase the financial security of our members, which in turn can improve their wellbeing and sustain their engagement in EA (assuming that engagement in EA would generally be compromised if one needed to give higher weight to fiscal considerations). Increased wealth can also increase the donation potential of our members, increasing the direct impact of their charity. So, the benefit I am most confident in can bolster both the meta-EA and direct cases for running this workshop.

Caveats

Meta-EA

1. Prior to this write-up, I hadn’t realized that the meta-EA case might be the stronger one, so I didn’t attempt to assess meta-EA metrics in the post-workshop survey.
   1. However, I think most relevant metrics can be measured external from the survey (e.g., do these participants continue to attend events?), if planned for in advance (e.g., to ensure clean before/after separation)
2. As mentioned in the Expected Impact section, it is difficult for me to understand the counterfactual impact of this workshop. We don’t have data from comparable programming or reliable engagement metrics to analyze, so I’m unclear how valuable this workshop might have been for increasing EA engagement.
   1. Frankly, given the low level of prep and medium-high prior interest in this topic, I think the counterfactual is possibly that we wouldn’t have run any programming this week.
3. Our speaker was doing us a favor and spoke for free. Not every EA group will have access to an appropriate (let alone free) speaker for this kind of workshop.
   1. However, I think it would be worth hosting these virtually, which would expand access. I would be willing to help brainstorm how this could happen.
4. This involved very little prep (maybe ~2-3 hours), but that may have been because our speaker is very familiar with this subject. It may be more costly for other groups to host this kind of event.
   1. An even cheaper, and possibly more cost-effective event, would be a Q&A (though for personal finance, this probably trades off a lot of direct impact).
5. UChicago is among the top three most expensive universities in the US, and may have become the most expensive following our recent tuition increase. Combine that with a renowned Economics department and a reputation for producing ‘finance bros,’ and it is plausible that UChicago students are more interested in personal finance than average. Thus, this sort of event may not be as successful in other universities.

Direct Impact

1. I have no idea what investments our participants were making and whether the suggested strategy (essentially, set-and-forget in an index fund) is more effective than participants’ original strategies. It is also possible that they were already investing in this way.
   1. We think it is reasonable to assume that our participants are not better-than-average investors.
   2. The latter seems unlikely given our feedback. If the workshop had been redundant, I assume (hope?) that they would have mentioned that.
2. I am likely overestimating the follow-through rate: respondents may not implement any of our recommendations, and may change investing strategy in the future. I have not accounted for this in our Expected Impact.
3. Self-reported data, particularly in uncontrolled settings such as this one, is notoriously unreliable and subject to response biases.
   1. I would be most concerned about our attendees, being members of UChicago EA, wanting to please the leadership (social response bias) and responding in an ‘ideal’ way, such as indicating that they learned a lot from the workshop (desirability bias).

Improvements

• Most of the data gathering and analysis! I would have created a different survey had I realized that the meta-EA case seemed stronger beforehand.
• Leaning more on the social aspects to improve meta-EA potential, e.g., having participants work together; providing snacks; soliciting future workshop ideas in-session and requesting expressions of interest in leadership.
• More interactivity - e.g., around creating a brokerage account or calculating your emergency fund. However, this might require more information about the participants prior to the workshop (e.g., whether they know their monthly expenditures)
• I could ask participants during the workshop whether they invest and if so, what approach they take. This would allow us to better understand our counterfactual impact.
  • I am sure there are many better ways of assessing impact that I have not thought of, so feel free to leave suggestions.
• Adding a commitment device, e.g. pledging to start investing or adjust their investments
  • I plan to follow up with our participants in ~5 months (6 months after this workshop)
• Interestingly, the difficulties we ran into (lack of projector access, delay in starting) did not seem to affect participants’ learning. We didn’t ask them about their overall experience (e.g., enjoyment), though, and I will aim to better address those difficulties in the future. In particular, I think it’s important to project slides if using them

Takeaways

If your group has access to an appropriate speaker, then running a Personal Finance workshop could be a low-effort way of multiplying your members’ donation potential. Generally, investing is a universally recommendable thing—in the US, for example, most people have 401(k)s, which are joint retirement and investment plans—but since investment strategies may have wildly varying payoffs, it can be impactful to spend ~1 hour outlining the most reliable strategy (i.e., investing in the total stock market). 

More broadly, I’m encouraged by this feedback to host more workshops oriented around practical life skills, and hope that other university community-builders will consider trialling this kind of programming. Even outside of the survey, attendants have reiterated that this workshop was one of the events they most enjoyed. This seems to align with my anecdotal experience: for example, underclassmen are eager to learn about navigating university life and will often ask upperclassmen for advice around workload, classes, etc. Thus, I hope to host future workshops on life skills that may be particularly relevant to EAs. Right now, I’m thinking of hosting a workshop on productivity or self-care.^[9]

I would love to hear suggestions on how these trials could be improved, or general feedback on whether this kind of programming seems valuable for community building!

1. ^{^}

    Orthogonally, I’d be curious to see if regular lightning talks might also be an effective type of social programming.

2. ^{^}

    “Couldn't budget to save a dime!” as ‘1’ and “In line to be the next billionaire” as ‘5’

3. ^{^}

    At that time, UChicago EA’s other programming consisted of the Introductory Fellowship and weekly unstructured socials.

^{^}

We are branching out for the rest of the year, though, so I may have more thoughts a few months later!

^{^}

 This rate is extremely variable, so in the interest of being conservative, I have chosen a high rate that reflects some of the better savings account rates you could find.

^{^}

The return from a 1% rate over 40 years is $9777.27, while the return from a 10% rate is $885,185.11

^{^}

The other respondents had previously been investing.

^{^}

 Calculated using https://www.calculator.net/investment-calculator.html 

^{^}

 For efficiency reasons, these might take place during a post-fellowship retreat that UChicago EA is co-planning with Northwestern, UW-Madison, and UMichigan. I would be interested, however, to see whether these life skills/holistic events are better fits for certain contexts (e.g., retreats or more ‘social’ environments).

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