Artificial intelligence

1. ^{^}

   An example of the latter is Muehlhauser, Luke (2013) When will AI be created?, Machine Intelligence Research Institute, May 16.

2. ^{^}

   AI Impacts (2014) Human-level AI, AI Impacts, January 23.

3. ^{^}

   See Pennachin, Cassio & Ben Goertzel (2007) Contemporary approaches to artificial general intelligence, in Ben Goertzel & Cassio Pennachin (eds.) Artificial General Intelligence, Berlin: Springer, pp. 1–30. The expression was popularized, but not coined, by Cassio Pennachin and Ben Goertzel. See Goertzel, Ben (2011) Who coined the term “AGI”?, Ben Goertzel’s Blog, August 28.

4. ^{^}

   Muehlhauser, Luke (2013) What is intelligence?, Machine Intelligence Research Institute, June 19.

5. ^{^}

   Baum, Seth D., Ben Goertzel & Ted G. Goertzel (2011) How long until human-level AI? Results from an expert assessment, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 78, pp. 185–195.

6. ^{^}

   Müller, Vincent C. & Nick Bostrom (2016) Future progress in artificial intelligence: a survey of expert opinion, in Vincent C. Müller (ed.) Fundamental Issues of Artificial Intelligence, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 555–572. 

7. ^{^}

   In their influential survey of machine learning researchers, Katja Grace and  her collaborators define "high-level machine intelligence" as follows: "we have ‘high-level machine intelligence’ when unaided machines can accomplish every task better and more cheaply than human workers." (Grace, Katja et al. (2017) When will AI exceed human performance? Evidence from AI experts, ArXiv, 1705.08807.) The concept of HLMIexpression is operationalized further in Muehlhauser, Luke (2015) What do we know about AI timelines?, Open Philanthropy, October (updated July 2016), section 1.

8. ^{^}

   Wikipedia (2021) Strong AI, Wikipedia, October 18.

AI governance | AI alignment | AI safety | governance of artificial intelligence | human-level artificial intelligence

Human-level artificial intelligence (HLAI) is AI that is at least as intelligent as the average or typical human. In one sense, human-level AI requires that the AI exhibits human-level ability in each of the capacities that constitute human intelligence. In another, weaker, sense, the requirement is that these capacities, assessed in the aggregate, are at least equivalent to the aggregate of human capacities. An AI that is weaker than humans on some dimensions, but stronger than humans on others, may count as human-level in this weaker sense. (However, it is unclear how these different capacities should be traded off against one another or what would ground these tradeoffs.^[2]) "Human-level artificial intelligence" is sometimes also a synonym for "artificial general intelligence".^[3]

Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is AI that does not only exhibit high ability in a wide range of specific domains, but can also optimizegeneralize across these domains and display other skills that are wide rather than narrow in scope.^[3] "Artificial general intelligence" is sometimes also used as a synonym for "human-level artificial intelligence".^[4][5]

High-level machine intelligence (HLMI) is AI that can carry out most human professions at least as well as a typical human. Vincent Müller and Nick Bostrom coined the expression to overcome the perceived deficiencies of existing terminology.^[5]6][6]7]

Finally, "strong artificial intelligence" (strong AI) is a multiply ambiguous expression that can mean either "artificial general intelligence", "human-level artificial intelligence" or "superintelligence", among other things.^[7]8]

1. ^{^}

   An example of the latter is Muehlhauser, Luke (2013) When will AI be created?, Machine Intelligence Research Institute, May 16.

2. ^{^}

   AI Impacts (2014) Human-level AI, AI Impacts, January 23.

3. ^{^}

   Muehlhauser, Luke (2013) What is intelligence?, Machine Intelligence Research Institute, June 19.

4. ^{^}

   See Pennachin, Cassio & Ben Goertzel (2007) Contemporary approaches to artificial general intelligence, in Ben Goertzel & Cassio Pennachin (eds.) Artificial General Intelligence, Berlin: Springer, pp. 1–30. The expression was popularized, but not coined, by Cassio Pennachin and Ben Goertzel. See Goertzel, Ben (2011) Who coined the term “AGI”?, Ben Goertzel’s Blog, August 28.

5. ^{^}

   Muehlhauser, Luke (2013) What is intelligence?, Machine Intelligence Research Institute, June 19.

6. ^{^}

   Baum, Seth D., Ben Goertzel & Ted G. Goertzel (2011) How long until human-level AI? Results from an expert assessment, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 78, pp. 185–195.

7. ^{^}

   Müller, Vincent C. & Nick Bostrom (2016) Future progress in artificial intelligence: a survey of expert opinion, in Vincent C. Müller (ed.) Fundamental Issues of Artificial Intelligence, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 555–572. 

8. ^{^}

   The concept of HLMI is operationalized further in Muehlhauser, Luke (2015) What do we know about AI timelines?, Open Philanthropy, October (updated July 2016), section 1.

9. ^{^}

   Wikipedia (2021) Strong AI, Wikipedia, October 18.

High-level machine intelligence (HLMI) is AI that can carry out most human professions at least as well as a typical human. Vincent Müller and Nick Bostrom coined the expression to overcome the perceived deficiencies of existing terminology.^[5][6]

Finally, "strong artificial intelligence" (strong AI) is a multiply ambiguous expression that can mean either "artificial general intelligence", "human-level artificial intelligence" or "superintelligence", among other things.^[6]7]

1. ^{^}

   An example of the latter is Muehlhauser, Luke (2013) When will AI be created?, Machine Intelligence Research Institute, May 16.

2. ^{^}

   AI Impacts (2014) Human-level AI, AI Impacts, January 23.

3. ^{^}

   Muehlhauser, Luke (2013) What is intelligence?, Machine Intelligence Research Institute, June 19.

4. ^{^}

   See Pennachin, Cassio & Ben Goertzel (2007) Contemporary approaches to artificial general intelligence, in Ben Goertzel & Cassio Pennachin (eds.) Artificial General Intelligence, Berlin: Springer, pp. 1–30. The expression was popularized, but not coined, by Cassio Pennachin and Ben Goertzel. See Goertzel, Ben (2011) Who coined the term “AGI”?, Ben Goertzel’s Blog, August 28.

5. ^{^}

   Müller, Vincent C. & Nick Bostrom (2016) Future progress in artificial intelligence: a survey of expert opinion, in Vincent C. Müller (ed.) Fundamental Issues of Artificial Intelligence, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 555–572. 

6. ^{^}

   The concept of HLMI is operationalized further in Muehlhauser, Luke (2015) What do we know about AI timelines?, Open Philanthropy, October (updated July 2016), section 1.

7. ^{^}

   Wikipedia (2021) Strong AI, Wikipedia, October 18.

1. ^{^}

   An example of the latter is Muehlhauser, Luke (2013) When will AI be created?, Machine Intelligence Research Institute, May 16.

2. ^{^}

   AI Impacts (2014) Human-level AI, AI Impacts, January 23.

3. ^{^}

   Muehlhauser, Luke (2013) What is intelligence?, Machine Intelligence Research Institute, June 19.

4. ^{^}

   See Pennachin, Cassio & Ben Goertzel (2007) Contemporary approaches to artificial general intelligence, in Ben Goertzel & Cassio Pennachin (eds.) Artificial General Intelligence, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg,Berlin: Springer, pp. 1–30. The expression was popularized, but not coined, by Cassio Pennachin and Ben Goertzel. See Goertzel, Ben (2011) Who coined the term “AGI”?, Ben Goertzel’s Blog, August 28.

5. ^{^}

   Müller, Vincent C. & Nick Bostrom (2016) Future progress in artificial intelligence: a survey of expert opinion, in Vincent C. Müller (ed.) Fundamental Issues of Artificial Intelligence, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 555–572. 

6. ^{^}

   Wikipedia (2021) Strong AI, Wikipedia, October 18.

1. ^{^}

   An example of the latter is Muehlhauser, Luke (2013) When will AI be created?, Machine Intelligence Research Institute, May 16.

2. ^{^}

   AI Impacts (2014) Human-level AI, AI Impacts, January 23.

3. ^{^}

   Muehlhauser, Luke (2013) What is intelligence?, Machine Intelligence Research Institute, June 19.

4. ^{^}

   See Pennachin, Cassio & Ben Goertzel (2007) Contemporary approaches to artificial general intelligence, in Ben Goertzel & Cassio Pennachin (eds.) Artificial General Intelligence, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1–30. The expression was popularized, but not coined, by Cassio Pennachin and Ben Goertzel. See Goertzel, Ben (2011) Who coined the term “AGI”?, Ben Goertzel’s Blog, August 28.

5. ^{^}

   Müller, Vincent C. & Nick Bostrom (2016) Future progress in artificial intelligence: a survey of expert opinion, in Vincent C. Müller (ed.) Fundamental Issues of Artificial Intelligence, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 555–572. 

6. ^{^}

   Wikipedia (2021) Strong AI, Wikipedia, October 18.

Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is AI that does not only exhibit high ability in a wide range of specific domains, but can also optimize across these domains and display other skills that are wide rather than narrow in scope.^[4]

High-level machine intelligence (HLMI) is AI that can carry out most human professions at least as well as a typical human. Vincent Müller and Nick Bostrom coined the expression to overcome the perceived deficiencies of existing terminology.^[4]5]

Finally, "strong artificial intelligence" (strong AI) is a multiply ambiguous expression that can mean either "artificial general intelligence", "human-level artificial intelligence" or "superintelligence", among other things.^[5]6]

1. ^{^}

   An example of the latter is Muehlhauser, Luke (2013) When will AI be created?, Machine Intelligence Research Institute, May 16.

2. ^{^}

   AI Impacts (2014) Human-level AI, AI Impacts, January 23.

3. ^{^}

   Muehlhauser, Luke (2013) What is intelligence?, Machine Intelligence Research Institute, June 19.

4. ^{^}

   The expression was popularized, but not coined, by Ben Goertzel. See Goertzel, Ben (2011) Who coined the term “AGI”?, Ben Goertzel’s Blog, August 28.

5. ^{^}

   Müller, Vincent C. & Nick Bostrom (2016) Future progress in artificial intelligence: a survey of expert opinion, in Vincent C. Müller (ed.) Fundamental Issues of Artificial Intelligence, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 555–572. 

6. ^{^}

   Wikipedia (2021) Strong AI, Wikipedia, October 18.

Finally, "strong artificial intelligence" (strong AI) is a multiply ambiguous expression that can mean either "artificial general intelligence", "human-level artificial intelligence" andor "superintelligence", among other things.^[5]

Finally, "strong artificial intelligence" (strong AI) is a multiply ambiguous expression that can mean "artificial general intelligence", "human-level artificial intelligence" and "superintelligence", among other things.^[5]