Defense in depth (DiD) (sometimes spelled defense-in-depth or defense in-depth) is the use of multiple defense layers to protect against an external threat. The concept was originally developed in the context of military strategy, but has since been applied to many other domains.[1]
A paper by Owen Cotton-Barratt, Max Daniel and Anders Sandberg proposes a defense in depth approach for handling risks of human extinction.[2] Such risks may be analyzed as involving three successive stages in the unfolding of a terminal event: the origination of the catastrophe, its attainment of global scale, and the destruction of everyone alive. To each of these three threats (origin, scaling and endgame) corresponds a particular type of defense layer: prevention, response and resilience. Besides serving to clarify the nature of the risks involved, this analysis can assist efforts to prioritize the allocation of resources among the different defense layers. In particular, if the threats that the layers protect against interact multiplicatively with one another, the impact on overall risk reduction of strengthening a particular layer will depend on the relative size of the change to the probability that the associated threat will get past it: halving the risk posed by a threat reduces total risk by the same degree regardless of the absolute magnitude of the change.