I remain sceptical of computational functionalism (CF). It implies some sets of AND, OR, and NOT operations lead to consciousness even if run at the rate of one operation every billion years, which seems very implausible to me.

Thanks, Jan. Yes, I was looking into an older version of the form.

Here is a post elaborating on why I think expanding agricultural land may increase or decrease the welfare/suffering/happiness of soil invertebrates.

No worries. Thanks for fixing it. The text looks good now.

Thanks for the relevant nuance, @GV 🔸. The 2026 multiplier would ideally account for the donations of pledges made after 2026 as a result of work in 2026, but this may be difficult to model. It will probably be easier in the future when there is more data on how "top-of-funnel" work translates into future pledges.

Hi Ollie. Thanks for the update.

I updated the last sentence of this comment, and some of its text went out of format. I am sharing a print below because I cannot copy the text which is out of format.

Hi Richard. Great post.

Suppose we’re torn between multiple moral theories, accounts of which entities are truly sentient, or other broad “worldviews”. How we respond to this uncertainty may be very different depending on whether we opt for maximizing expected choiceworthiness or worldview diversification. The former involves centralized agency, weighing the possible stakes of each option in proportion to the credibility of the theory that assigns it such stakes, and then potentially going “all in” on whatever option yields the best prospect in expectation. Perhaps a good approach for ideal agents, but (I suggest) too risky for the rest of us. The latter alternative decentralizes and devolves power or resources to an ensemble of subagents representing different philosophical worldviews in rough proportion to their credibility.^[3]

Maximising expected choiceworthiness involves diversification because the cost-effectiveness of each intervention decreases with spending. Going "all in" on the option with the highest marginal cost-effectiveness would only make sense for a very limited budget (until the highest marginal cost-effectiveness decreases to the 2nd highest marginal cost-effectiveness). The optimal number of options supported increases as the spending increases. I wonder if maximising expected choiceworthiness with adequate modelling of how marginal cost-effectiveness decreases with spending would lead to a more principled diversification than worldview diversification as practiced today.

It is also worth keeping in mind that wide uncertainty across interventions and worldviews should push one towards supporting interventions decreasing that uncertainty. I think there is often lots of discussion about how to distribute resources across interventions which involve very few aiming to decrease the uncertainty about the optimal allocation. I would like to see much more research on animal sentience, and, more broadly, on comparing welfare across species.

I don’t necessarily want to discourage anyone who is more willing to personally go all-in on a neglected high-impact cause area (shrimp welfare, for example). Especially if you imagine what your ideal moral portfolio would look like at the level of all of society, you might well find that going “all in” on the most neglected of your ideal cause areas is — on present margins — actually the best way for you to diversify society’s moral portfolio, and make up for others’ mistaken neglect of important causes.

The point above may also apply to large funders? Coefficient Giving (CG) directed "over $1 billion" in 2025, and 1.18 billion $ is 0.001 % of the gross world product (GWP) in 2025 of 118 T$.

Hi Eitan. Thanks for sharing. I am enthusiastic about this initiative.

Its impact is more direct — same animals, better lives. Many animal-welfare interventions can be contested based on their indirect or secondary effects, such as how a diet shift ripples through wild-animal populations, say, or whether a reform just moves production elsewhere. Welfare Tech is comparatively straightforward: it improves the lives of animals already being farmed anyway.

I think interventions improving the lives of farmed animals may increase or decrease the welfare of soil invertebrates much more than they increase the welfare of farmed animals.

I see no escape from the uncertainty about the effects on soil invertebrates if one wants to increase welfare while accounting for all animals. I am not aware of any intervention supported by impact-focussed funders with effects on soil invertebrates robustly smaller than those on the target beneficiaries. Not saving human lives, not decreasing the consumption of animal foods or ingredients, not replacing fast with slower growth chicken, not replacing layers in battery cages with ones in cage-free aviaries or barns, not replacing standard with bird-safe glass, not replacing rodenticide with fertility control bait, and not even electrically stunning farmed shrimps.

It’s cost-effective, and the economics compound. Take shrimp stunners, estimated to help on the order of 1,400–1,500 shrimp per dollar per year.⁵ On a welfare-adjusted basis, some analyses (admittedly controversial) found it arguably ~100× more cost-effective than cage-free corporate campaigns, which are estimated at 9–120 chicken-years per dollar. Those multiples lean on moral-weight assumptions for shrimp and pain during death; but even discounted, they’re remarkable.

5. Vasco Grilo, “Cost-effectiveness of Shrimp Welfare Project’s Humane Slaughter Initiative,” EA Forum, 6 Oct 2024: forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/EbQysXxofbSqkbAiT; and the 2025 ACE review of SWP. The ≈100× multiple relies on Rethink Priorities’ median shrimp welfare range (~3% of a human’s).

It would be better to argue for high cost-effectiveness comparing interventions targeting similar species (with one intervention involving welfare tech)? Otherwise, the results of the comparisons will be influenced a lot by the uncertainty in welfare comparisons across species. I have practically no idea about whether the Shrimp Welfare Project’s (SWP’s) Humane Slaughter Initiative (HSI) has increased the welfare of shrimps more or less cost-effectively than cage-free egg corporate campaigns increase the welfare of chickens. I estimated HSI has increased the welfare of shrimps 139 times as cost-effectively as cage-free egg corporate campaigns increase the welfare of chickens. However, for sentience-adjusted welfare ranges proportional to "individual number of neurons"^"exponent", and "exponent" from 0 to 2, which covers the best guesses that I consider reasonable, I calculate that HSI has increased the welfare of shrimps 2.26*10^-4 to 1.49 k times as cost-effectively as cage-free egg corporate campaigns. interventions increases the welfare of their target beneficiries more cost-effectively. Below is a graph with the results for "exponent" from 0 to 2.

Hello. Thanks for the comment. I am open to bets against short timelines for transformative AI (TAI), or what they supposedly imply, up to 10 k$. Do you see any that we could make?

Hi Aidan. Thanks for the update. This looks like a great analysis, as did the ones for 2020-2022, and 2023-2024.

We note that our multiplier will face pressure from the denominator in coming years. Our 2026 budget of 2.1M, reflecting planned investments in growth. Maintaining or improving our multiplier will require continued growth in the value we generate — through both new pledge acquisition and the realised donations of existing pledgers. We view the 2025 result as an encouraging signal that our strategy is producing returns, but sustaining this as we scale will require ongoing attention to both the volume and quality of our pledge work.

The increased spending in 2026 will be useful to get a better sense of the marginal multiplier. The multiplier on the total spending over 2026 being significantly lower than 7 (the multiplier on the total spending over 2025) would signal a marginal multiplier in 2026 significantly lower than 7.