Most of our advice on actually having an impact — rather than building career capital — is highly relevant to mid-career professionals. That's because they're entering their third career stage (https://80000hours.org/career-guide/career-planning/#three-career-stages), i.e. actually trying to have an impact. When you’re mid-career, it's much more important to appropriately:

• Pick a problem
• Find a cost-effective way of solving that problem that fits your skills
• Avoid doing harm

So we hope mid-career people can get a lot out of reading our articles. I'd probably in particular suggest reading our advanced series (https://80000hours.org/advanced-series/).

By "engagement time" I mean exactly "time spent on the website".

Thanks for this comment Tyler!

To clarify what I mean by unknown unknowns, here's a climate-related example: We're uncertain about the strength of various feedback loops, like how much warming could be produced by cloud feedbacks. We'd then classify "cloud feedbacks" as a known unknown. But we're also uncertain about whether there are feedback loops we haven't identified. Since we don't know what these might be, these loops are unknown unknowns. As you say, the known feedback loops don't seem likely to warm earth enough to cause a complete destruction of civilisation, which means that if climate change were to lead to civilisational collapse, that would probably be because of something we failed to consider.

But here's the thing: generally we do know something about unknown unknowns.^[1] In the case of these unknown feedback loops, we can place some constraints on them. For example:

• They couldn't cool the Earth past absolute zero, because that's pretty much impossible.^[2]
• They almost certainly couldn't make the earth hotter than the Sun (because at some point the Earth would start forming a fusing ball of plasma, and the Earth isn't heavy enough to be hotter than the sun if it turned into a star).

In fact, we can gather a broad variety of evidence about these unknown unknowns, using various different lines of evidence. These lines of evidence include:

• The physics constraining possible feedback processes
• The historical climate record (since 1800)
• The paleoclimate record (millions of years into the past)

Accounting for these multiple lines of evidence is exactly what the 6th Assessment Report attempts to do when calculating climate sensitivity (how much Earth's surface will cool or warm after a specified factor causes a change in its climate system):^[3]

In AR6 [the 6th Assessment report], the assessments of ECS [equilibrium climate sensitivity] and TCR [transient climate response] are made based on multiple lines of evidence, with ESMs [earth system models] representing only one of several sources of information. The constraints on these climate metrics are based on radiative forcing and climate feedbacks assessed from process understanding (Section  7.5.1), climate change and variability seen within the instrumental record (Section 7.5.2), paleoclimate evidence (Section 7.5.3), emergent constraints (Section 7.5.4), and a synthesis of all lines of evidence (Section 7.5.5). In AR5 [the 5th assessment report], these lines of evidence were not explicitly combined in the assessment of climate sensitivity, but as demonstrated by Sherwood et  al. (2020) their combination narrows the uncertainty ranges of ECS compared to that assessed in AR5.

That is, as I mentioned in the main post "the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report... attempts to account for structural uncertainty and unknown unknowns. Roughly, they find it’s unlikely that all the various lines of evidence are biased in just one direction — for every consideration that could increase warming, there are also considerations that could decrease it."

As a result, even when accounting for unknown unknowns, it looks extremely unlikely that anthropogenic warming could heat the earth enough to cause complete civilisational collapse (for a discussion of how hot that would need to be, see the first section of the main post!).

If you're interested in diving into this further, I'd suggest taking a look at the original paper "An Assessment of Earth's Climate Sensitivity Using Multiple Lines of Evidence" by Sherwood et al., or Why low-end 'climate sensitivity' can now be ruled out, a popular summary by the paper's authors.

1. ^{^}

   It's of course true that there are some kinds of unknown unknowns that are impossible to account for — that is, things about which we have no information. But these are rarely particularly important unknown unknowns, in part because of that lack of information: in order to have no information about something, we necessarily can't have any evidence for its existence, so from the perspective of Occam's razor, they're inherently unlikely.

2. ^{^}

   At least, in macroscopic systems. You can have negative absolute temperatures in systems with a population inversion (like a laser while it's lasing), although these systems are generally considered thermodynamically hotter than positive-temperature systems (because heat flows from the negative temperature system to the positive temperature system).

3. ^{^}

   From the introduction to section 7.5 of the Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report (p.993).

I don't currently have a confident view on this beyond "We’re really not sure. It seems like OpenAI, Google DeepMind, and Anthropic are currently taking existential risk more seriously than other labs."

But I agree that if we could reach a confident position here (or even just a confident list of considerations), that would be useful for people — so thanks, this is a helpful suggestion!

Thanks, this is an interesting heuristic, but I think I don't find it as valuable as you do. 

First, while I do think it'd probably be harmful in expectation to work at leading oil companies / at the Manhattan project, I'm not confident in that view — I just haven't thought about this very much.

Second, I think that AI labs are in a pretty different reference class from oil companies and the development of nuclear weapons.

Why? Roughly:

1. Whether, in a broad sense, capabilities advances are good or bad is pretty unclear. (Note some capabilities advances in particular areas are very clearly harmful.) In comparison, I do think that, in a broad sense, the development of nuclear weapons, and the release of greenhouse gases are harmful. 
2. Unlike with oil companies and the Manhattan Project, I think that there's a good chance that a leading, careful AI project could be a huge force for good, substantially reducing existential risk — and so it seems weird not to consider working at what could be one of the world's most (positively) impactful organisations. Of course, you should also consider the chance that the organisation could be one of the world's most negatively impactful organisations.

Because these issues are difficult and we don’t think we have all the answers, I also published a range of opinions about a related question in our anonymous advice series. Some of the respondents took a very sceptical view of any work that advances capabilities, but others disagreed.

Hi Yonatan,

I think that for many people (but not everyone) and for many roles they might work in (but not all roles), this is a reasonable plan.

Most importantly, I think it's true that working at a top AI lab as an engineer is one of the best ways to build technical skills (see the section above on "it's often excellent career capital"). 

I'm more sceptical about the ability to push towards safe decisions (see the section above on "you may be able to help labs reduce risks").

The right answer here depends a lot on the specific role. I think it's important to remember than not all AI capabilities work is necessarily harmful (see the section above on "you might advance AI capabilities, which could be (really) harmful"), and that top AI labs could be some of the most positive-impact organisations in the world (see the section above on "labs could be a huge force for good - or harm"). On the other hand, there are roles that seem harmful to me (see "how can you mitigate the downsides of this option").

I'm not sure of the relevance of "having a good understanding of how to do alignment" to your question. I'd guess that lots of knowing "how to do alignment" is being very good at ML engineering or ML research in general, and that working at a top AI lab is one of the best ways to learn those skills.

The Portuguese version at 80000horas.com.br is a project of Altruísmo Eficaz Brasil. We often give people permission to translate our content when they ask - but as to when, that would be up to Altruísmo Eficaz Brasil! Sorry I can't give you a more concrete answer.

There are important reasons to think that the change by the EA community is within the measurement error of these surveys, which makes this less noteworthy.

(Like say you put +/- 10 years and +/- 10% on all these answers - note there are loads of reasons why you wouldn't actually assess the uncertainty like this, (e.g. probabilities can't go below 0 or above 1), but just to get a feel for the uncertainty this helps. Well, then you get something like:

•  10%-30% chance of TAI by 2026-2046
• 40%-60% by 2050-2070
• and 75%-95% by 2100

Then many many EA timelines and shifts in EA timelines fall within those errors.)

Reasons why these surveys have huge error

1. Low response rates.

The response rates were really quite low.

2. Low response rates + selection biases + not knowing the direction of those biases

The surveys plausibly had a bunch of selection biases in various directions.

This means you need a higher sample to converge on the population means, so the surveys probably aren't representative. But we're much less certain in which direction they're biased.

Quoting me:

For example, you might think researchers who go to the top AI conferences are more likely to be optimistic about AI, because they have been selected to think that AI research is doing good. Alternatively, you might think that researchers who are already concerned about AI are more likely to respond to a survey asking about these concerns

3. Other problems, like inconsistent answers in the survey itself

AI impacts wrote some interesting caveats here, including:

• Asking people about specific jobs massively changes HLMI forecasts. When we asked some people when AI would be able to do several specific human occupations, and then all human occupations (presumably a subset of all tasks), they gave very much later timelines than when we just asked about HLMI straight out. For people asked to give probabilities for certain years, the difference was a factor of a thousand twenty years out! (10% vs. 0.01%) For people asked to give years for certain probabilities, the normal way of asking put 50% chance 40 years out, while the ‘occupations framing’ put it 90 years out. (These are all based on straightforward medians, not the complicated stuff in the paper.)
• People consistently give later forecasts if you ask them for the probability in N years instead of the year that the probability is M. We saw this in the straightforward HLMI question, and most of the tasks and occupations, and also in most of these things when we tested them on mturk people earlier. For HLMI for instance, if you ask when there will be a 50% chance of HLMI you get a median answer of 40 years, yet if you ask what the probability of HLMI is in 40 years, you get a median answer of 30%.

The 80k podcast on the 2016 survey goes into this too.