It's a concept thrown around a lot in EA circles, but I was surprised that I couldn't find any papers fleshing the idea out. The most cited link is a blog post from 2009: http://www.overcomingbias.com/2009/01/moral-uncertainty-towards-a-solution.html
I also found these two resources:
http://users.ox.ac.uk/~mert2255/talks/parliamentary-model.pdf
Is there any better exploration of the concept out there?
Here's a preprint (archive).
Hmm, the paper doesn't seem to address the question I described in Is the potential astronomical waste in our universe too small to care about? To me, this seems to be a central open problem in the moral parliament model, as well as in moral uncertainty in general (see this version of it which applies to MEC), and has strong practical implications, so it's strange to see very little work from philosophers on it. It doesn't seem to be addressed in Andrew Sepielli’s PhD thesis or Will MacAskill's DPhil thesis, and Toby Ord told me there's not "anything particularly relevant to that question" in his and Will's upcoming book about moral uncertainty (although that's because "the book doesn’t really include any post-2014 thinking at all").