Part 1: The State of the World

According to the EA website, Effective Altruism is all about one question: 

How can we use our resources to help others the most?

In this post, I plan to tell you about a revelation I experienced and share a bit of what I learned from it. But first, take this quiz! The link and the quiz below are the same, so take either one. To hold yourself accountable, write your answers down on a piece of paper, and don’t google anything.

1. In all low-income countries across the world today, how many girls finish primary school?
   1. 20%
   2. 40%
   3. 60%
2. Where does the majority of the world population live?
   1. Low-income countries
   2. Middle-income countries
   3. High-income countries
3. In the last 20 years, the proportion of the world living in extreme poverty has…
   1. Almost doubled
   2. Remained more or less the same
   3. Almost halved
4. What is the life expectancy of the world today?
   1. 50 years
   2. 60 years
   3. 70 years
5. There are 2 billion children in the world today, aged 0 to 15 years old. How many children will there be in the year 2100, according to the United Nations?
   1. 4 billion
   2. 3 billion
   3. 2 billion
6. The UN predicts that by 2100 the world population will have increased by another 4 billion people. What is the main reason?
   1. There will be more children (age below 15)
   2. There will be more adults (ages 15 to 74)
   3. There will be more very old people (age 75 and older)
7. How did the number of deaths per year from natural disasters change over the last hundred years?
   1. More than doubled
   2. Remained about the same
   3. Decreased to less than half
8. There are roughly 7 billion people in the world today. Where do they live?
   1. 1 billion in the Americas, 1 billion in Europe, 1 billion in Africa, 4 billion in Australia and Asia
   2. 1 billion in the Americas, 1 billion in Europe, 2 billion in Africa, 3 billion in Australia and Asia
   3. 2 billion in the Americas, 1 billion in Europe, 1 billion in Africa, 3 billion in Australia and Asia
9. How many of the world’s 1-year-old children today have been vaccinated against some disease?
   1. 20%
   2. 50%
   3. 80%
10. Worldwide, 30-year-old men have spent 10 years in school, on average. How many years have women of the same age spent in school?
    1. 9 years
    2. 6 years
    3. 3 years
11. In 1996 tigers, giant pandas, and black rhinos were all listed as endangered. How many of these three species are more critically endangered today?
    1. Two of them
    2. One of them
    3. None of them
12. How many people in the world today have some access to electricity?
    1. 20%
    2. 50%
    3. 80%
13. Global climate experts believe that, over the next 100 years, the average temperature will…
    1. get warmer
    2. remain the same
    3. get colder

(Write down your answers before reading on!)

Part 2: Why Monkeys are Smarter than You

Here are the answers:

1: C,  2: B,  3: C,  4: C,  5: C,  6: B,  7: C,  8: A,  9: C,  10: A,  11: C,  12: C,  13: A 

Increment your score by one for each correct answer, and write the total on your piece of paper.

How did you do? Did you get a lot of questions wrong? Did you feel like you were guessing? Are you surprised at the correct answers?

This quiz is from a book called Factfulness, by Swedish professor of Global Health Hans Rosling. Here is a great TED Talk given by Rosling on which this article is based. If you are anything like I was about a year ago when I first read Factfulness, then this quiz comes as a bit of a shock — not only did you get things wrong, but you got things confidently wrong. Maybe you weren’t just off — you were way off. Maybe it is even the case that guessing at random would have earned you a higher score.

Let’s take a look at how some other people did on this quiz:

The graph below shows us how Swedes scored on the question about natural disasters (question #7):

Only 12% of quizzed Swedes correctly chose C, while 38% chose B and 50% chose A. The chimps indeed beat the Swedes, with 33% picking C. Here is how the United States scored on the question about world poverty (question #3):

As you can see here, it appears that the chimp brains win again as only 5% of Americans correctly pick C, 29% pick B, and a whopping 66% pick A — that the world poverty rate has doubled in the past two decades. Way off. Here is a slight variant on the vaccination question (#9) showing how the US and EU media scores compare to the US and EU public:

The media — on both sides of the Atlantic — is bested by the chimps!

This trend continues in nearly every question for nearly all respondent groups. (Question #13 on the global temperature is an exception, with most respondent groups getting the question decisively correct.) Rosling and his team gave this quiz to 12,000 people across 14 countries, and only 10% of all respondents answered 5 or more questions correctly. Only 10% did better than the chimps (which, by guessing randomly, would receive a 4)!

What Rosling discovered here is not a revelation for its discovery of widespread ignorance; It is a revelation for its discovery that we are somehow worse than ignorant. The response rates are consistently worse than guessing (33% correct). It isn’t that we lack information, but rather that, by some mysterious process, we all have acquired a systematically inaccurate perception of the world.

So why is it that we are wrong? Where do these flawed perceptions come from, and why are they so widespread? And why has our collective mind stumbled into this specific incorrect view of the world rather than some other version? You will have to read Factfulness in its entirety to get the full answer to that question. As a teaser, one of the most important reasons (in my opinion) is that most people think the world looks like this:

When really it looks like this:

Most people think the world looks like this (1965):

When it really looks like this (2017):

Most people have a static view of the world based on a snapshot of the past, and they neglect to see the bigger positive forces of gradual change while focusing on negative headlines in the news. They think there is a “developing world” and a “developed world,” and they still use outdated terms like “third world countries,” when in reality the income of most people today is found somewhere in the middle of the spectrum, not within one of two vaguely-defined categories.

About 1 in 10 people on Earth today lives on less than $2 a day. This is one of the most horrible facts about the state of the modern world. Yet in The Precipice, Toby Ord reminds us that, before the Industrial Revolution, 19 in 20 people lived on less than $2 a day, even adjusting for inflation and changes in purchasing power (17). In other words, the fraction of humanity living in extreme poverty has shifted from 95% to less than 10% in less than two centuries.

The point here is that things can be bad but getting better. And it seems like things, on average, are getting better! So even if things are still bad, there is reason for optimism — and this optimism should inform our decision-making.

You may be wondering what exactly I think this has to do with Effective Altruism, so let’s return to the question listed at the top of the Effective Altruism website: 

How can we use our resources to help others the most?

My argument:

How can we improve the state of the world if most of us don’t know what the world is really like?

Would you not agree that to be a truly “effective” altruist, you should probably know the answers to those thirteen questions? Critics of Effective Altruism often cite overly academic idealism as the enemy of what otherwise might spell out concrete change in a real-world setting. They say that we should stop talking so much about poorly-defined hypotheticals and start talking about the real things happening on the ground, today. Maybe they have not heard enough about Effective Altruism, or maybe they have a point. I will leave you with this question:

How well can you devise a war plan while not really knowing much about the war?

Key Takeaways:

1. Trade pessimism for optimism, and be wary of pessimists that don’t back up their claims
2. Think about the influences that may cause a worldview to be systematically wrong
3. Question ancient categories, and stop talking about “third world countries”
4. Recognize that things can be bad, but getting better
5. Read Factfulness!

Sources and recommendations:

1. All figures except the last two are from this incredible TED Talk
2. Final two figures and much more are from Hans Rosling’s Factfulness
3. Effective Altruism founder Toby Ord’s The Precipice
4. Quotation from the EA Website