The Parable of the Good Samaritan seems to lean towards impartiality. Although the injured man was laying in front of the Samaritan (geographic proximity), the Samaritan was considered a foreigner / enemy (no proximity of relationship).

You can’t really demonstrate a religion doesn’t support (temporal/geographic) impartiality simply because it doesn’t have a specific type of parable, especially when it does have other parables/teachings that could plausibly qualify for the broader point (as others here have pointed out). I do not recall learning anything approaching Longtermism in Sunday School, but I certainly was taught to interpret “thy neighbors” as far broader than my literal neighbors, and that we are all brothers and sisters under Christ.

Ultimately, I can’t confidently say what my thoughts are on the ultimate conclusion (e.g., whether on balance Christianity pushes people towards globalism and Longtermism), but I certainly don’t find the arguments in this post compelling.

I haven't put a ton of thought into it, but the notion that "the last shall be first and the first shall be last" and many of the passages in the Gospel that emphasize helping those in worse situations suggests impartiality. Then, as now, putting equal weight to the interests of all tends to result in directing resources to the worst off, as this is often most cost effective.

Further, the notion that it is harder for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than a rich man to get into heaven jives well with the demandingness of Effective Altruism. The dollars you earn are almost always better directed to an effective charity than to your personal consumption. I think we often try to sell a more palatable "10% is fine" message, to appeal to more people, but probably EAs and Christians who take the reasoning seriously should require much more of themselves than Christian and EAs tend to ask.

I think it's important to keep the diversity of Christian belief in mind -- it's an exaggeration to say there are about 2.4 billion Christianities because there are about 2.4 billion Christians, but there's a kernel of truth there. 

The New Testament writers chose to communicate more in parable, narrative, and epistle than in tightly-reasoned philosophical treatise. They wrote in ways that would be legible to a first-century audience, and tended to focus on issues that would be salient to that audience. Extracting the precise moral lessons from the text is, to some extent, a task left for the reader and the believing interpretative community (i.e., the church). 

As far back as I can remember, I've always thought the Golden Rule extended to all living people, and I've never had any reason to change my view on that. So I would answer on my own reading and belief that a significant degree of impartiality is clearly implied by New Testament moral teachings. But that's simply a data point. Some Christians will think that; others probably won't.

Perhaps the most that can be safely said is that the Christian tradition provides ample resources with which one can arrive at a fairly strong position of impartiality (at least among living human beings), even if certain aspects of impartiality aren't really a focus of either the New Testament text or many elements of the Christian tradition.

You may be right, but a few more data points to consider.

1. Paul thought his collections for the saints in Jerusalem was a very important part of his ministry. He exhorted the Gentile churches to send money to Jerusalem in almost all of his letters.
2. Christ's commandment in John 15 is "Love one another as I have loved you." The rest of the Johannine literature, I think, suggests this is a special duty to love other Christians (a new form of partiality).

Geographic proximity may not be important, but there may also be a special duty to lay one's life down for other Christians.

John 17:20–24

[20] “I do not ask for these only, but also for those who will believe in me through their word, [21] that they may all be one, just as you, Father, are in me, and I in you, that they also may be in us, so that the world may believe that you have sent me. [22] The glory that you have given me I have given to them, that they may be one even as we are one, [23] I in them and you in me, that they may become perfectly one, so that the world may know that you sent me and loved them even as you loved me. [24] Father, I desire that they also, whom you have given me, may be with me where I am, to see my glory that you have given me because you loved me before the foundation of the world. (ESV)

I think this famous passage in John 17, the whole chapter a long prayer by Jesus the night before he is betrayed and the events leading to his crucifixion, has a number of moments that speak of the connections between humans over the unending generations. Even though this is from 2,000 years ago, when he prays in verse 20, "I do not ask for these only, but also for those who will believe in me through their word" as a young reader in a study group I remember we all noticed this meant Jesus was praying for us, we were the future people who would believe because others sent this story down through the generations. If we could feel that way after 2,000 years, why should it ever end? It implies all future humans. 

I included the whole passage because of how he keeps bunching everyone together saying we are all one. This also speaks of impartiality. All humans are one with God just as God and Jesus are one with each other. The moral circle never stops expanding.

Then also, the final he asks that we be with him to see his glory, given by God before the foundation of the world...So now he reverses and rather than speaking for all time forward, he goes back to all time already past...in this way it is all encompassing. Ancient people may not have had opportunity to help others far away, and thus to even think about it, but like many other moral issues, he sets a way of thinking that we can easily apply to the specifics as our thinking evolves over all time. 

There are innumerable new moral challenges as humans populations expand over time, many never mentioned in the New Testament, but timeless principles like this help us negotiate the new. So none of these things are specifically baked in, but the universal for all humans for all times principles are definitely baked in like fine pottery.  

I feel the need to mention, I am a universalist believing all humans are saved (within Christian beliefs) and then expanding out to all religions a Universalist believing all religions are equally from God, on the days I believe in God, there are many other days in which I don't believe in God. I like the conflict. 

It's a very interesting topic you are bringing up. Recognizing how many interpretations of the scripture there can be and that my thoughts on this are not very organized, I want to bring up two points:

- Re impartiality. As other people mentioned already, Samaritan was perceived as 'other', 'foreigner', or 'an enemy'. But also in other parts of the scripture, when Jesus is asked about his mother and brothers waiting for him, he replies that his brothers and mother are 'here' [referring to his extended group of disciples]. Similarly, his actions are not constrained by his family but often are directed towards more 'foreign'' and 'enemy/immoral' parts of society.
-Re geographic proximity, which I think is a bit more valuable point here: Jesus's disciples receive instructions to go around the world, often in comparatively remote regions of it in relation to Judea and borders of the Roman Empire, and to preach Christianity. Preaching Christianity is perceived as a good thing that leads to salvation as per Bible, and persuading others in Jesus's teaching is perceived as a good thing to do. So, by specifically going to remote parts of the world to 'do good', you can make an argument that the scripture shows care for geographically remote people.

I do agree it would be a bit of a stretch to include longterm and care for temporarily remote people. 
 

Does the title have a typo? "baked in" maybe?

I strongly agree, and this is especially clear when it comes to the EA focus on animal welfare and digital minds.

I feel it is important to note.

If by helping everyone, you raise standards as a whole, then it will inevitably help the people in front of you.

By ending cancer, the people in front of you will never have to worry about dying from the countless different variants of cancer.

By improving the worlds economy, the people in front of you will be less likely to suffer poverty and will be able to attain things they might not have otherwise. Sure, those might be exclusively material desires, but they don't have to be.

By improving technology, you can grant people and knowledge and freedom, that in turn allows them to help others.

This is the meaning of Good. By helping one, you help many, and in turn others follow. Good leads to more Good. Evil leads to more Evil.