This is a crosspost for Yes, Shrimp Matter by Andrés Jiménez Zorrilla, which was originally published on Asterisk in January 2025. Thanks to Giles Thomas for bringing it to my attention.

[Subtitle.] What made a private equity analyst decide to devote his life to tiny aquatic crustaceans?

I left private equity to work on shrimp welfare. When I tell anyone this, they usually think I've lost my mind. I know the feeling — I’ve been there. When I first read Charity Entrepreneurship's proposal for a shrimp welfare charity, I thought: “Effective altruists have gone mad — who cares about shrimp?” 

The transition from analyzing real estate deals to advocating for some of the smallest animals in our food system feels counterintuitive, to say the least. But it was the same muscle I used converting derelict office buildings into luxury hotels that allowed me to appreciate an enormous opportunity overlooked by almost everyone, including those in the animal welfare space. I still spend my days analyzing returns (though they’re now measured in suffering averted). I still work to identify mutual opportunities with industry partners. Perhaps most importantly, I still view it as paramount to build trust with people who — initially — sit on opposite sides of the table.

After years of practicing my response to the inevitable raised eyebrows, I now sum it up simply: ignoring shrimp welfare would have been both negligent and reckless.

This may seem like an extreme stance. Shrimp aren't high on the list of animals most people think about when they consider the harms of industrial agriculture. For a long time — up until the last few years — most researchers assumed shrimp couldn't even feel pain. Yet as philosopher Jonathan Birch explains in The Edge of Sentience, whenever a creature is a sentience candidate^[1] and we cannot rule out its capacity for conscious experience, we have a responsibility to take its potential for suffering seriously.  

We don’t know what it is like to be a shrimp. We do know that if shrimp can suffer, they are doing so in the hundreds of billions.  

Counting billions

Why worry about shrimp in a world where so many mammals and birds live in torturous conditions due to industrial agriculture?^[2] The answer is that shrimp farming dwarfs other forms of animal agriculture by sheer numbers. An estimated 230 billion shrimp of various species are alive in farms at any given moment^[3] —  compared to the 779 million pigs, 1.55 billion cattle,^[4] 33 billion chickens,^[5] and 125 billion farmed fish.

Shrimp are harvested at around 6 months of age, which puts the estimated number slaughtered annually for human consumption at 440 billion. For perspective: that’s more than four times the number of humans who have ever walked the earth. At sea, the numbers are even more staggeringly shrimpy. Globally, 27 trillion shrimp are caught in the wild^[6] every year, compared to 1.5 trillion fish.^[7]

Despite their size, shrimp are the proverbial “elephant in the room” when discussing animal welfare in food systems.

What the science says

These numbers wouldn’t matter if shrimp didn’t have the internal experience associated with suffering, but a growing body of evidence suggests that they do. A comprehensive review commissioned by the U.K. government found strong evidence of sentience in decapods, which includes shrimp, lobsters, prawns, and crabs. Evidence was particularly strong in true crabs.^[8] Crabs can learn. They can make trade-offs and act to protect themselves in flexible, complex ways. Everything we know about the structure of their brains suggests that they feel pain. While shrimp have been studied less extensively, the evidence suggests that they have similar capabilities. The fundamental neural architecture have in common with other animals includes pain receptors, nerve centers capable of integrating information from different sensory sources, and molecular machinery for detecting noxious stimuli.

The Welfare Range Table, a comprehensive assessment of animal capacities, reveals that shrimp display numerous sophisticated behaviors: they can learn from experience and show anxiety-like states when threatened; when injured, they display targeted grooming behavior (basically, tending to the injury) that can be reduced by local anaesthetic, suggesting conscious pain response rather than mere reflex; and their nervous systems show a striking level of complexity, with clear evidence of integrative processing centers that could support conscious experience.

In Rethink Priorities’ Welfare Range Estimates, philosopher Bob Fischer effectively extends Jeremy Bentham's famous question about animals — “The question is not, Can they reason? nor Can they talk? but, Can they suffer?” — by asking, "If so, how much?" His findings suggest that shrimp's capacity for improved welfare is substantial when compared to octopuses, and even pigs.^[9]

Shrimp’s nervous system, behavior, and estimated welfare capacity all point toward meaningful sentience. The fact that they haven't been studied as extensively as some other animals should not blind us to the evidence we do have, nor to their evident similarities with better-studied relatives.

Beyond the water

In modern shrimp farming, life begins in a hatchery born to a mother who has endured one of the industry's most severe practices: eyestalk ablation. This procedure involves physically cutting off the appendage from which her eyes protrude — imagine having your optic nerve severed and your entire eye removed, all without anaesthesia.^[10] [11] This mutilation, designed to induce spawning, sets the tone for a life marked by intensive farming practices.

At just a few days old, the young shrimp is transferred to a grow-out pond where it will spend the next three to six months of its life. In super-intensive systems, which represent a non-negligible portion of the industry in some regions, 500 to 1,000 shrimp are packed into each square meter. For a creature that grows to 13 centimeters in length, this density makes it impossible to perform natural behaviors like burrowing or resting on the bottom. Instead, the shrimp must swim continuously in the crowded space.^[12]

Poor water quality poses a persistent threat, regardless of stocking density. Just as humans need clean air to breathe, shrimp require clean water to survive. Their environment is often impacted by fluctuating oxygen levels and the presence of toxic gases — ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from accumulated waste, to name two. In densely packed systems, these challenges become especially dangerous as a single water quality mishap can rapidly cascade into a mass mortality event. These conditions weaken their immune systems, leading to widespread disease. In what is considered a successful harvest, 20 to 30% of the population may die before reaching market size.

Those who survive face an ending that recent research suggests may be more cruel than previously thought. In the best-case scenario, they're immersed in ice slurry, a practice long considered humane. However, emerging evidence from EEG studies indicates this method merely paralyses the shrimp while still leaving them conscious and capable of feeling pain for an extended period. In many cases, the reality is even harsher — some are left on crates for several minutes to drain excess water weight, while others are forced to endure long-distance transport in severely under-oxygenated barrels for up to eight hours, journeys that can stretch hundreds of kilometers from farm to market. 

To be clear, not all shrimp experience every welfare concern listed here, nor do most shrimp suffer from all of them simultaneously. However, these issues arise so frequently that nearly all shrimp will likely experience at least two or more of these welfare violations during their lives.^[13]

During my work with the Shrimp Welfare Project, I visited farms across the globe and saw this mistreatment firsthand. In India, earthen ponds with 15 to 30 shrimp per square meter had mortality rates over 30%. In contrast, Vietnam’s super-intensive farms reduced mortality to 5% but caused constant stress from overcrowding. Even in organic mangrove farms with low densities (three to five shrimp per square meter), 95-97% of shrimp die before harvest. This type of “free-range farming” in shrimp, I learned, equates to almost certain death for all but the luckiest few.

Karol Banach

A roadmap to compassion

Despite these grim realities, there is hope. New interventions are emerging that are cost-effective, scalable, and already reducing the suffering of billions of shrimp every year.

One key advancement is the promotion of electrical stunning before slaughter. As of today, this method is the only one proven to render shrimp unconscious in under a second, making it far more humane than traditional methods. It’s also highly efficient. Despite only eight electrical stunning machines being used globally as of November 2024, these devices are predicted to have improved the slaughter conditions of over 2.5 billion animals per year. And four to five more are on the way.^[14]  

The Sustainable Shrimp Farmers of India (the Indian branch of Shrimp Welfare Project) has introduced another promising intervention: removing sediment from earthen ponds between shrimp farming cycles. This simple step reduces hydrogen sulfide and generally improves water quality, addressing welfare concerns over a much longer portion of the shrimp’s life than just the final moments before slaughter. The SSFI team believes this approach could be even more cost-effective in reducing suffering than electrical stunning.^[15]

Leading UK supermarkets are transforming how shrimp are treated in their supply chains. Marks & Spencer, Tesco, Sainsbury's, Waitrose, and Ocado, along with the Dutch retail giant Albert Heijn, are spearheading this welfare revolution.^[16] While collaborative organizations initially helped these retailers make gradual improvements, advocacy powerhouses Wakker Dier and Mercy for Animals have recently stepped in to accelerate change. Their campaigns demand immediate action on critical issues like eyestalk ablation and push for humane slaughter through electrical stunning. As these retailers represent major buying power in the global shrimp market, their commitment to higher welfare standards is already creating waves of change throughout the industry.^[17]

Perhaps most excitingly, there are still numerous areas for improvement in shrimp welfare that have yet to be addressed. These include enhancing the capture and slaughter conditions for wild-caught shrimp, promoting lower-density farming models, and pushing for trade regulations that limit the import of shrimp produced under poor welfare conditions.^[18] The potential for progress is vast and there is significant white space for new approaches and organizations. 

The future of shrimp welfare is one of the most underexplored areas in modern animal rights, but its potential for impact is immense. We are only at the beginning of a movement that could fundamentally shift the way we treat aquatic animals — both on farms and for those caught in the ocean. While challenges remain, including entrenched industry practices and global trade complexities, the path forward is becoming clearer with each step taken by animal NGOs and progressive food companies.

For the first time ever, shrimp welfare is becoming a relevant topic within the broader animal welfare movement, one that has traditionally focused on larger animals and more familiar causes. But the staggering number of shrimp affected, their capacity to suffer, and the emerging solutions make this a moral issue we can no longer ignore. Addressing shrimp welfare isn’t just about reducing suffering for billions of animals — it’s about redefining our relationship with the natural world, expanding our circle of compassion, and challenging the limits of our ethical responsibilities.

 We stand at a pivotal moment where meaningful changes can be made. The choices we make today will shape the future of animal welfare for generations to come. And while shrimp may be small, the moral imperative to protect them looms large. The time to act is now.

Andrés Jiménez Zorrilla is the Chairman of the Board and co-founder of Shrimp Welfare Project (SWP), an organisation dedicated to improving the welfare of farmed shrimp. Prior to SWP, he worked for more than 15 years in investment banking and private equity for firms such as Morgan Stanley and Aermont Capital in the UK, Spain, Portugal, Mexico and Qatar.

Published January 2025

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