A dystopia is a civilization devoid of most value.

In Toby Ord's typology, unrecoverable dystopias constitute one of the three main types of existential catastrophe.^[1]

Ord further subdivides unrecoverable dystopias into three types. A dystopia may be desired by either none, some, or most actors living under it. Ord calls these undesired dystopias, enforced dystopias, and desired dystopias, respectively.^[1]

Enforced dystopias

Enforced dystopias are the most familiar type of dystopia. In fiction, they are most prominently represented by George Orwell's Nineteen-Eighty Four: "If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face— for ever."^[2] Outside of fiction, North Korea arguably offers an example of a local stable dystopia.^[3][4] Fictional and real enforced dystopias often assume the form of robust totalitarianism, though this need not be so.

Undesired dystopias

Superficially, undesired dystopias may appear unlikely. If no one desires a world, why should we expect it to exist? The answer relates to the mismatch that can sometimes occur between individual and collective preferences: what is rational for each person may be irrational for all people. It may be best for each individual to consume resources without restraint, regardless of what the other individuals do; but if everyone acts in this manner, the result may be resource depletion, which is worse for everyone than an alternative in which everyone moderates their consumption. Scott Alexander offers a toy example of a possible undesired dystopia.^[5] Imagine a society governed by two simple rules: first, every person must spend eight hours a day giving themselves strong electric shocks; second, if anyone fails to follow either rule, everyone must unite to kill this person. The result is a world in which everyone ends up giving themselves electric shocks, since they know they will be killed otherwise. As Alexander summarizes, "Every single citizen hates the system, but for lack of a good coordination mechanism it endures."^[5]

Desired dystopias

Just as one may wonder why undesired dystopias would exist, one may wonder why desired dystopias would be dystopian. Here a relevant example has been provided by Nick Bostrom.^[6][7] Mass outsourcing to either digital uploads or AI agents could eventually result in a world entirely devoid of phenomenal consciousness. This could happen if it turned out that conscious states could not be instantiated in silico. It could also happen if, in this radically new environment, consciousness was selected against due to strong evolutionary pressures. It may, for instance, be more computationally efficient to represent an agent's utility function explicitly rather than to rely on a hedonic reward architecture. On a wide range of axiological theories, value requires consciousness (even if value does not necessarily reduce to consciousness), so such a world would be effectively morally valueless, no matter how thriving it may appear to outside observers or how much the world's inhabitants may insist that they are conscious or that their lives are worth living. Bostrom describes an imagined "technologically highly advanced society, containing many sorts of complex structures, some of which are much smarter and more intricate than anything that exists today, in which there would nevertheless be a complete absence of any type of being whose welfare has moral significance. In a sense, this would be an uninhabited society. All the kinds of being that we care even remotely about would have vanished."^[6] Aspects of this possible dystopian future may actually be observed at present in the lives of some non-human animals bred for human consumption.^[8]

Dystopias and moral value

Since the concept of a dystopia is defined in terms of the value absent from the world so characterized, whether something is or is not a dystopia may vary depending on the moral theory under consideration. On classical utilitarianism, for example, there is an enormous difference in value between worlds optimized for positive experience and a seemingly desirable world where everyone enjoys the quality of life of the most privileged citizens of today’s most prosperous nations. The permanent entrenchment of the latter type of world may thus, on that theory, count as a dystopia, in the sense that most attainable value would have failed to be realized. Conversely, although Bostrom’s "unconscious outsourcers" dystopian scenario would be catastrophic on many plausible moral theories, it may not be so from the perspective of suffering-focused ethics.